You can see most of these drinks contain two main ingredients - espresso and some form of milk. It is mostly in how the milk is prepared that differentiate one drink from another.
Espresso: The foundation of all espresso-based drinks, as well as a drink into itself, espresso is a small dose (generally 1 to 2 ounces) of concentrated coffee, hopefully containing all of the good and tasty elements of the coffee bean while leaving the less desirable qualities, such as bitterness, behind.
Latté: Espresso with milk steamed on 150 or 155 degrees. Some people will ask for an "extra hot" latté, but the milk must be steamed no higher than 170 degrees or it will scald and ruin the flavor of the drink. The milk in a latté also may be very little foamed as well as steamed. A latté made with steamed milk only a few times called a Flat White.
Cappuccino: Espresso with milk that is both steamed and foamed, making a creamier and a bit sweeter drink than a latté. A cappuccino is not the powdered drinks that comes out of a gas station coffee machine. Real cappuccinos require a level of skill and attention in properly preparing the milk that can only be accomplished by a human being, so far.
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